RPG-7
The RPG-7 (Russian: РПГ-7, Ручной Противотанковый Гранатомёт – Ruchnoy Protivotankoviy Granatomyot) is a portable, reusable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade launcher. It—along with its predecessor, the RPG-2—were designed by the Soviet Union; it is now manufactured by the Russian company Bazalt. The weapon has the GRAU index (Russian armed forces index) 6G3.
|RPG-7|
|Type||Rocket-propelled grenade launcher[1]|
|Place of origin||Soviet Union|
|Service history|
|In service||1961–present|
|Used by||See Users|
|Wars||Since the Vietnam War|
|Production history|
|Designer||Bazalt|
|Designed||1958|
|Manufacturer||Bazalt and Degtyarev plant (Russian Federation)|
|Produced||1958–present|
|No. built||9,000,000+[2]|
|Variants||RPG-7V2 (current model)|
|Specifications|
|Mass||6.3 kg (14 lb) (without a telescopic sight)|
|Length||950 mm (37.4 in)|
|Cartridge||85mm|
|Caliber||40 mm|
|Muzzle velocity||115 m/s (boost)|
|Effective firing range||330 (PG-7V)|
|Maximum firing range||700 m (OG-7V)|
|Sights||PGO-7 (2.7×), UP-7V Telescopic sight and 1PN51/1PN58 night vision sights|
RPG-7D3 (paratrooper)
Type 69 RPG (China)
PSRL-1 (Airtronic USA)[3]
7 kg (15 lb) (with PGO-7)
300 m/s (flight)
(self detonates at ≈920 m (1,000 yd))
Red dot reflex sight
The ruggedness, simplicity, low cost, and effectiveness of the RPG-7 has made it the most widely used anti-armor weapon in the world. Currently around 40 countries use the weapon, and it is manufactured in several variants by nine countries. It is popular with irregular and guerrilla forces. The RPG has been used in almost all conflicts across all continents since the mid-1960s from the Vietnam War to the ongoing Syrian Civil War.
Widely produced, the most commonly seen major variations are the RPG-7D (десантник – desantnik – paratrooper) model, which can be broken into two parts for easier carrying; and the lighter Chinese Type 69 RPG. DIO of Iran manufactures RPG-7s with olive green handguards, H&K pistol grips, and a Commando variant.
The RPG-7 was first delivered to the Soviet Army in 1961 and deployed at squad level. It replaced the RPG-2, having clearly out-performed the intermediate RPG-4 design during testing. The current model produced by the Russian Federation is the RPG-7V2, capable of firing standard and dual high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds, high explosive/fragmentation, and thermobaric warheads (see below), with a UP-7V sighting device fitted (used in tandem with the standard 2.7× PGO-7 optical sight) to allow the use of extended range ammunition. The RPG-7D3 is the equivalent paratrooper model. Both the RPG-7V2 and RPG-7D3 were adopted by the Russian Ground Forces in 2001.
DescriptionEdit
The launcher is reloadable and based around a steel tube, 40 millimetres in diameter, 95.3 centimetres long, and weighing 7 kilograms. The middle of the tube is wood wrapped to protect the user from heat and the end is flared. Sighting is usually optical with a back-up iron sight, and passive infra-red and night sights are also available. The launchers designated RPG-7N1 and RPG-7DN1 can thus mount the multi-purpose night vision scope 1PN51[4] and the launchers designated RPG-7N2 and RPG-7DN2 can mount the multi-purpose night vision scope 1PN58.[5]
As with similar weapons, the grenade protrudes from the launch tubes. It is 40–105 millimetres in diameter and weighs between 2.0[6][7][8] and 4.5 kilograms. It is launched by a gunpowder booster charge, giving it an initial speed of 115 metres per second, and creating a cloud of light grey-blue smoke that can give away the position of the shooter.[9] The rocket motor[10] ignites after 10 metres and sustains flight out to 500 metres at a maximum velocity of 295 metres per second. The grenade is stabilized by two sets of fins that deploy in-flight: one large set on the stabilizer pipe to maintain direction and a smaller rear set to induce rotation. The grenade can fly up to 1,100 metres; the fuze sets the maximum range, usually 920 metres.[11]
Propulsion systemEdit
According to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Bulletin 3u (1977) Soviet RPG-7 Antitank Grenade Launcher—Capabilities and Countermeasures, the RPG-7 munition has two sections: a "booster" section and a "warhead and sustainer motor" section. These must be assembled into the ready-to-use grenade. The booster consists of a "small strip powder charge" that serves to propel the grenade out of the launcher; the sustainer motor then ignites and propels the grenade for the next few seconds, giving it a top speed of 294 metres per second (660 mph). The TRADOC bulletin provides anecdotal commentary that the RPG-7 has been fired from within buildings, which agrees with the two-stage design. It is stated that only a 2-metre standoff to a rear obstruction is needed for use inside rooms or fortifications. The fins not only provide drag stabilization, but are designed to impart a slow rotation to the grenade.
Due to the configuration of the RPG-7 sustainer/warhead section, it responds counter-intuitively to crosswinds. A crosswind will tend to exert pressure on the stabilizing fins, causing the projectile to turn into the wind (see Weathervane effect). While the rocket motor is still burning, this will cause the flight path to curve into the wind. The TRADOC bulletin explains aiming difficulties for more distant moving targets in crosswinds at some length. Similar to a recoilless rifle the RPG-7 has no noticeable recoil, the only effect during firing being that of the sudden lightness of the launcher as the rocket leaves the tube.[citation needed]
Airtronic RPG-7Edit
In 2009, the American company Airtronic USA unveiled a modernized version of the weapon called the RPG-7USA. The launcher is fitted with updated features including a MIL-STD-1913 Quad Rail System for mounting combat optics, flip-up back up iron sights, aiming lasers/illuminators, tactical lights, and vertical foregips, as well as an M4 carbine-style pistol grip and telescoping stock. Compared to the RPG-7V2, the American launcher, named by the company the Precision Shoulder-fired Rocket Launcher (PSRL-1), is slightly lighter at 14 lb (6.35 kg) unloaded without optics and is made of 4140/4150 ordnance-grade steel for a longer 1,000-round lifespan that can separate into two pieces for compact carry. The PSRL-1 uses EOTech sights with a new sighting system that combines an illuminated reticule for use in low light situations, and is able to be fitted with magnifying optical sights for long-range firing enabling 90% hit probability at 800 metres, twice the distance of other RPGs; rate of fire is 3–4 rounds per minute. It is reportedly accurate at ranges from 900–1,200 m, and guided rockets could extend range to 2 000 metres. The weapon was a program of record in U.S. Special Operations Command by 2015, and the PSRL-1 was to enter production by mid-2016. Airtronic has also developed the more advanced GS-777/PSRL-2 model made of high-strength polymer that reduces weight to 7.77 lb (3.5 kg) and further improves durability and life cycle.[12][13][14][15][16]
AmmunitionEdit
The RPG-7 can fire a variety of warheads for anti-armor (HEAT, PG-Protivotankovaya Granata) or anti-personnel (HE, OG-Oskolochnaya Granata) purposes, usually fitting with an impact (PIBD) and a 4.5 second fuze. Armor penetration is warhead dependent and ranges from 30 to 60 centimetres of RHA; one warhead, the PG-7VR, is a 'tandem charge' device, used to defeat reactive armor with a single shot.[citation needed]
Current production ammunition for the RPG-7V2 consists of four main types:
- PG-7VL [c.1977] Improved 93 mm HEAT warhead effective against most vehicles and fortified targets.[6][7][8]
- PG-7VR [c.1988] Dual 64 mm/105 mm HEAT warhead for defeating modern armored vehicles equipped with reactive armor blocks. The first warhead (64 mm HEAT) detonates the reactive armor block prematurely and the second warhead (105 mm HEAT) passes through the gap to hit the exposed armor underneath.[citation needed]
- TBG-7V Tanin [c.1988] 105 mm Thermobaric warhead for anti-personnel and urban warfare.[citation needed]
- OG-7V [c.1999] 40 mm Fragmentation warhead for anti-personnel warfare. Has no sustainer motor.[citation needed]
Other warhead variants include:
- PG-7V [c.1961] Baseline 85 mm HEAT warhead capable of penetrating 260 mm RHA.[17][18][19]
- PG-7VM [c.1969] Improved 70 mm HEAT warhead capable of penetrating 300 mm RHA.[18][19]
- PG-7VS [c.1972] Improved 73 mm HEAT warhead capable of penetrating 400 mm RHA.[18][19]
- PG-7VS1 [c.mid-1970s] Cheaper PG-7VS version capable of penetrating 360 mm RHA.[18]
- GSh-7VT [c.2013] Anti-bunker warhead with cylindrical follow-through blast-fragmentation munition followed by explosively formed penetrator.[20]
SpecificationsEdit
Manufacturer specifications for the RPG-7V1.[21][22]
|Name||Type||Image||Weight||Explosive weight[23][24][25]||Diameter||Penetration||Lethal radius|
|PG-7VL||Single-stage HEAT||2.6 kg (5.7 lb)||730 g OKFOL (95% HMX + 5% wax)||93 mm (3.7 in)||>500 mm (20 in) RHA|
|PG-7VR||Tandem charge HEAT||4.5 kg (9.9 lb)||?/1.43 kg OKFOL (95% HMX + 5% wax)||64 mm (2.5 in)/105 mm (4.1 in)||600 mm RHA (with reactive armor)|
|OG-7V||Fragmentation||2 kg (4 lb)||210 g (7.4 oz) A-IX-1||40 mm (1.6 in)||7 m (23 ft) (vs. body armor)[27][28]|
|TBG-7V||Thermobaric||4.5 kg (9.9 lb)||1.9 kg ОМ 100МИ-3Л + 0.25 kg A-IX-1(as thermobaric explosive booster)||105 mm (4.1 in)||10 m (30 ft)|
750 mm RHA[26] (without reactive armor)
Hit probabilitiesEdit
A 1976 U.S. Army evaluation of the weapon gave the hit probabilities on a 5-metre (16 ft) wide, 2.5-metre (8 ft 2 in) tall panel moving sideways at 4 metres per second (8.9 mph).[29] This probability decreases when firing in a crosswind due to the unusual behaviour of the round; in an 11-kilometre-per-hour (6.8 mph) (3 m/s) wind, the gunner cannot expect to get a first-round hit more than 50% of the time beyond 180 m.[30]
|Range||Percent|
|50 m||100%|
|100 m||96%|
|200 m||51%|
|300 m||22%|
|400 m||9%|
|500 m||4%|
History of useEdit
Accurate firing is difficult at ranges over 200 metres. During the Soviet–Afghan War, the mujahideen tended to use the weapon at ranges of less than 80 metres.[citation needed]
The RPG-7 was used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland from 1969 to 2005, most notably in Lurgan, County Armagh, where it was used against British Army observation posts and the towering military base at Kitchen Hill in the town.[31] The IRA also used them in Catholic areas of West Belfast against British Army armoured personnel carriers and Army forward operating bases (FOB). Beechmount Avenue in Belfast became known as "RPG Avenue" after attacks on British troops.[32]
In Mogadishu, Somalia, RPG-7s were used to down two U.S. Army Black Hawk helicopters in 1993.[33][34]
UsersEdit
- Afghanistan[35]
- Albania:[36] 5,000 units that are locally produced as the model TIP-57.
- Angola[35]
- Armenia[35]
- Austria[36]
- Azerbaijan[35]
- Bangladesh: Chinese Type 69 RPG variant used by Bangladesh Army.[38]
- Belarus[35]
- Benin[35]
- Bolivia: Type 69 variant in use.[citation needed]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina[36]
- Botswana[35]
- Bulgaria: Produced locally by Arsenal Corporation as ATGL-L.[39]
- Burkina Faso[40][41]
- Burundi[36]
- Cambodia[35]
- Cape Verde[35]
- Central African Republic[35]
- Chad[35]
- China: Type 69 reverse-engineered copy.[42]
- Congo-Brazzaville[35]
- Congo-Kinshasa[35]
- Croatia[35]
- Cuba[35]
- Cyprus[35]
- Czech Republic[35]
- Djibouti[35]
- Egypt:[35] Locally produced without license as PG-7 by the Sakr Factory for Developed Industries.[43]
- El Salvador[36]
- Eritrea[35]
- Estonia[35]
- Fiji[44]
- Georgia: Modified version "RPG-7D" locally produced by STC Delta.[45][46][47]
- Ghana[35]
- Guatemala[36]
- Guinea[35]
- Guyana[35]
- Hungary[48]
- Indonesia:[36] Used by the marine corps.
- Iran.[35] Produced locally as Sageg.[49]
- Iraq.[35] Produced locally as Al-Nassira from the 1980s by Ba'athist Iraq.[49]
- Israel: Large stocks held as secondary ATW.[50] Rounds produced locally.[51]
- Jordan[35]
- Kazakhstan[35]
- Kyrgyzstan[35]
- Laos[35]
- Latvia[35]
- Lebanon[35]
- Lesotho[52]
- Liberia: Used by both the Liberian Army and guerrilla factions in the Liberian Civil Wars.[53]
- Libya[35] (used by both sides in the Libyan Civil War)
- Lithuania[35]
- Madagascar[35]
- Malaysia: Bulgarian ATGL-L versions are purchased and used since the early 2000s[54][55]
- Mali[56]
- Malta[35]
- Mauritania[35]
- Mexico[36]
- Moldova:[35] Produced locally.[36]
- Mongolia[35]
- Morocco[35]
- Mozambique: Non state-users.[36][57]
- Myanmar: Clones made as MA-10.[58]
- Nicaragua[35]
- Nigeria: Produced under license by the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria[35][59]
- Niger[60]
- North Korea[35]
- North Macedonia[35]
- Panamá:Used by National Border Service (SENAFRONT)[citation needed]
- Pakistan: Used by the Pakistan Army and paramilitary forces of Pakistan.[35] RPG-7V version made under license by Pakistan Machine Tool Factory.[61][62]
- Papua New Guinea[63]
- Philippines: Philippine Army ATGL-L2 variant.[64] Type 69 donated from China. Contract signed with Russian Ministry of Defense for additional deliveries of 744 RPG-7V2 launchers and ammunition in October 2017 and executed in July 2019.[65][66]
- Poland:[35] Produced RPG-7 and RPG-7W variants.[67]
- Palestine
- Romania:[35] Produced locally by SC Carfil SA from Brașov as AG-7 (Romanian: Aruncătorul de Grenade 7, Grenade Launcher 7).[68]
- Russia[35]
- Rwanda[35]
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Used by the Polisario Front.[69]
- Sao Tome and Principe[35]
- Saudi Arabia: Saudi army[36]
- Senegal[35]
- Serbia: Made by PPT Namenska.[70]
- Seychelles[35]
- Sierra Leone[35]
- Somalia[35]
- South Africa: South African National Defence Force.[71]
- South Korea[36]
- South Sudan: South Sudan Democratic Movement, Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, South Sudan Defence Forces, Sudan People's Liberation Army used RPG-7, Type 69s and Iranian-made RPGs.[72]
- Sri Lanka
- Sudan: Made by Military Industry Corporation as the Sinar.[73]
- Suriname: Used by the Military of Suriname.[35]
- Syria[35] (used by all sides in the Syrian civil war[36])
- Tajikistan:[35] Produced locally.[36]
- Togo[35]
- Turkey[74]
- Turkmenistan:[35] Produced locally.[36]
- Ukraine:[35] Produced locally.[36]
- United States: Produced locally and in service with governmental users.[36]
- Uzbekistan:[35] Produced locally.[36]
- Venezuela[35]
- Vietnam:[35] Designated the B41 in North Vietnamese service.[75]
- Yemen[35]
- Zambia[35]
- Zimbabwe[35]
Former usersEdit
- Czechoslovakia: Produced RPG-7 and RPG-7V variants, known as Pancéřovka.[67]
- East Germany: Produced RPG-7 and RPG-7W variants.[67]
- Grenada[76]
- Rhodesia[77]
- Singapore: Operated in 1968, and decommissioned in 1985.[citation needed]
- Soviet Union: Passed on to successor states.
- UNITA[78]
- Yugoslavia
- South Vietnam: Small numbers captured from PAVN forces.
Non-state usersEdit
ReferencesEdit
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RPG-7 karabagh.
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External linksEdit
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to RPG-7.|
- Manufacturer's site
- Countering the RPG threat
- How Stuff Works – RPG(7)
- RPG-7 analysis and user´s manual
- Technical data, instructional images and diagrams of the RPG-7 (in Russian)
- Ultimate Weapons Rpg 7 Military Channel on YouTube
- [3]